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Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:39 AM

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 11:40 AM

wtf?

Blastedt

09-09-2006, 11:44 AM

-spams email-

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 11:45 AM

*also spams e-mail*

Stickluber

09-09-2006, 11:47 AM

*spams e-mail too*

Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:53 AM

Conditions for intelligence

The Turing test suggests a sufficient condition for intelligence is the ability to converse with a human in such a way that the human is fooled into thinking the conversation is with another human. (In order to remove biases based on how the AI looks, the conversation is normally imagined to take place through a medium like modern-day instant messaging chats.)

Such a test is not a necessary condition; it seems for example that ET was intelligent even if it couldn't convince anyone of this fact due to language barriers and the like. Others doubt that it is even a sufficient condition. Chatbots, for example, are learning more and more sophisticated algorithms for sounding intelligent without any actual understanding of the conversations.

John Searle argues that AI is impossible in his famous thought experiment, the Chinese room. Searle argues that syntax is not sufficient for semantics—that mere symbol manipulation, no matter how complicated, cannot provide genuine meaning or understanding. Most professional philosophers in the area believe that Searle failed to establish that AI is impossible, but there is disagreement about exactly what is wrong with his argument.[citation needed]
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Ethical issues

There are many ethical problems associated with working to create intelligent creatures.

* AI rights: if an AI is comparable in intelligence to humans, then should it have comparable moral status?
* Would it be wrong to engineer robots that want to perform tasks unpleasant to humans?
* Would a technological singularity be a good result or a bad one? If bad, what safeguards can be put in place, and how effective could any such safeguards be?
* Could a computer simulate an animal or human brain in a way that the simulation should receive the same animal rights or human rights as the actual creature?
* Under what preconditions could such a simulation be allowed to happen at all?

A major influence in the AI ethics dialogue was Isaac Asimov who created the Three Laws of Robotics to govern artificial intelligent systems. Much of his work was then spent testing the boundaries of his three laws to see where they would break down, or where they would create paradoxical or unanticipated behavior. Ultimately, a reading of his work concludes that no set of fixed laws can sufficiently match the possible behavior of AI agents and human society. A criticism of Asimov's robot laws is that the installation of unalterable laws into a sentient consciousness would be a limitation of free will and therefore unethical. Consequently, Asimov's robot laws would be restricted to explicitly non-sentient machines, which possibly could not be made to reliably understand them under all possible circumstances.

The movie The Thirteenth Floor suggests a future where simulated worlds with sentient inhabitants are created by computer game consoles for the purpose of entertainment. The movie The Matrix suggests a future where the dominant species on planet Earth are sentient machines and humanity is treated with utmost Speciesism. The short story The Planck Dive suggest a future where humanity has turned itself into software that can be duplicated and optimized and the relevant distinction between types of software is sentient and non-sentient. The same idea can be found in the Emergency Medical Hologram of Starship Voyager, which is an apparently sentient copy of a reduced subset of the consciousness of its creator, Dr. Zimmerman, who, for the best motives, has created the system to give medical assistance in case of emergencies. The movies Bicentennial Man and A.I. deal with the possibility of sentient robots that could love. I, Robot explored some aspects of Asimov's three laws. All these scenarios try to foresee possibly unethical consequences of the creation of sentient computers.

Over time, debates have tended to focus less and less on possibility and more on desirability, as emphasized in the "Cosmist" and "Terran" debates initiated by Hugo de Garis and Kevin Warwick. A Cosmist, according to Hugo de Garis, is actually seeking to build more intelligent successors to the human species.
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Expectations of AI

AI methods are often employed in cognitive science research, which tries to model subsystems of human cognition. Historically, AI researchers aimed for the loftier goal of so-called strong AI—of simulating complete, human-like intelligence. This goal is epitomised by the fictional strong AI computer HAL 9000 in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. This goal is unlikely to be met in the near future and is no longer the subject of most serious AI research. The label "AI" has something of a bad name due to the failure of these early expectations, and aggravation by various popular science writers and media personalities such as Professor Kevin Warwick whose work has raised the expectations of AI research far beyond its current capabilities. For this reason, many AI researchers say they work in cognitive science, informatics, statistical inference or information engineering. Recent research areas include Bayesian networks and artificial life.

The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where "expert systems" are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine.
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See also

* Artificial intelligence
* Data mining
* Machine learning
* Philosophy of Information
* Bioinformatics
* Brain (other matters section)
* Brain-computer interface
* Artificial consciousness
* Strong AI
* Weak AI
* Philosophy of mind
* Technological Singularity
* Three Laws of Robotics

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External links

* BBC News: Games to take on a life of their own
* 3 Laws Unsafe Campaign - Asimov's Laws & I, Robot

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence"

Categories: Pages needing expert attention | Articles with unsourced statements | Artificial intelligence | Et

Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:55 AM

Uncreated articles

Every article starts with an idea in the mind of a contributor. You can create articles about whatever you are interested in, as long as they belong in Wikipedia. If you see a red link that strikes your fancy, create an article! For more suggestions on how to think of subjects to contribute on, see Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia.

Before you start, it's helpful to read the guidelines and tutorials on creating new articles to get an idea of what you should consider—such matters as the scope, format, references, and NPOV in a Wikipedia article.

Good ways to find articles to create:

* Wikipedia:Requested articles
* Wikipedia:Most wanted articles
* Template:Opentask
* Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English

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Stubs

If you do not have the time to write a full article, consider writing a "stub". Stubs are very short articles - generally just a few sentences. These are the "ugly ducklings" of Wikipedia. With effort, they can grow into swans.

Good ways to find and grow stubs:

* Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week
* Wikipedia:Requests for expansion
* Special:Newpages
* Special:Randompage
* Wikipedia:Shortpages

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Developing articles

Once a stub has real content, it's a real article. The vast majority of articles fall into this category. They may have weaknesses, and you're encouraged to copyedit them and, where you have the knowledge, to add content.

Good ways to find and improve developing articles:

* Wikipedia:Pages needing attention
* Wikipedia:Cleanup
* Wikipedia:Requests for expansion
* Template:Opentask
* Category:To do
* Wikipedia:To-do list
* Wikipedia:WikiProject
* Wikipedia:List of WikiProjects
* Wikipedia:Regional notice boards
* Wikipedia:Good articles
* Wikipedia:What is a good article?

How to get great articles up to featured quality:

* Wikipedia:Peer review
* Wikipedia:Featured article candidates

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Featured article
This star symbolizes the featured content on Wikipedia.

The featured articles are what we believe to be the best articles in Wikipedia. Before promotion to featured status, articles are reviewed at Wikipedia:Featured article candidates for compelling prose, accuracy, neutrality, and completeness, according to our featured article criteria. Wikipedians tend to be proud of featured articles to which they've contributed.

Once an article is certified as featured, it can usually be featured on the main page (provided, for example, it isn't about a subject that would offend a significant number of readers). Just be patient, and the article will eventually get its turn. Before the article is scheduled to appear on the main page, give it a last once-over, polishing it where possible.

Featured articles showcase our best work to people who might not know about Wikipedia. This is an excellent way to recruit new Wikipedians and gain donations, both of which help Wikipedia immensely.

Featured articles are well-polished, but there are almost always small improvements that can be made. Don't ever be afraid to correct mistakes or update information when you see an opportunity; few articles are perfect, even though perfection is always our goal. We have a formal procedure for encouraging Wikipedians to review and improve featured articles: Featured Article Review.

Featured articles

* Wikipedia:Today's featured article
* Wikipedia:Tomorrow's featured article
* Wikipedia:Featured articles
* Wikipedia:Featured article review

What constitutes a featured article

* Wikipedia:What is a featured article?

Good ways to showcase our best articles:

* Wikipedia:Publicity
* Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media

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How to develop an article

Suppose you want to create a first-rate, or even a perfect Wikipedia article that deserves to be listed among our featured articles (those considered by consensus to be Wikipedia's best articles). Your goal is then to meet the featured article criteria. Here's a guide to achieving this.
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Research

Once you have decided on a topic, use Wikipedia's search engine to find out what related material we already have. That way, you discover what already exists and can later create good links to and from other relevant articles.

Unless you are an acknowledged expert on the topic, additional research is necessary to write a great article. A great article has to be verifiable and cite reliable sources which ideally should include books or peer reviewed journal articles. Consider visiting a university or public library to identify and study the best sources. Consider searching Wikipedias in other languages, looking at what search engines such as Google can bring up, and reading the relevant articles from other encyclopaedias, to form an idea of what topics should be covered, in what depth, to achieve a comprehensive summary coverage. The following sites may help you: Encyclopedia.com (free), AllRefer Reference (free), Factmonster, Encyclopaedia Britannica School & Library Site (free in most libraries).
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Finding relevant articles

There are several ways to find and retrieve articles online, without having to leave home. Google Scholar [1] is an excellent source for finding sometimes free online peer reviewed articles; note that the free articles' entries are quickly identifiable for having a "View as HTML" link in the result page.

Many libraries have agreements with database providers under which library users with current library cards can connect for free to the databases from their home computers — that is, the users do not need to be physically present in the library. Check with your local public or academic library to find out which databases it subscribes to, and whether they have a mechanism in place for remote access. Some high-end databases (like InfoTrac and ProQuest) even carry scanned versions of articles as they were originally printed.

Examples of comprehensive general interest databases that may be available through your local library are:

* EBSCO - Full academic version (Academic Search Premier) has full text of millions of articles from over 4,600 sources. Full public library version (MasterFILE Premier) has full text coverage of about 2,100 sources.
* Infotrac - OneFile database has full text of about 50 million articles from 1980 to the present. Widely available at academic and public libraries throughout North America. Operated by Thomson Gale (formerly Gale Group), a subsidiary of the Thomson Corporation.
* JSTOR - Has full text of articles from several hundred scholarly journals from their beginning to approximately five years ago. Operated by a consortium of universities. They include most of the "high prestige" journals in the humanities and social sciences.
* LexisNexis - Full version (available only to lawyers and journalists) has millions of full-text articles (from magazines, journals, and newspapers), court opinions, statutes, treatises, transcripts, public records, and more. Academic version (available at many universities) offers large subsets of the legal and news databases.
* ProQuest - Full version (ProQuest 5000) has full text of millions of articles from 7,400 sources as far back as 1971. The ProQuest Historical Newspapers database has images in PDF format of all issues of the New York Times published between 1851 and 2001. Most libraries offer access to only part of the huge ProQuest database, through account types like eLibrary, Platinum, Silver, Gold, or Discovery.
* Questia Online Library allows full-text search and reading access to all 64,000+ books and 1,000,000+ journal, magazine, and newspaper articles in their collection. Their strength is full text of recent academic books by major publishers such as Oxford University Press, University of North Carolina Press, and Greenwood Press, along with thousands of older academic books that are available only in larger university libraries. Unlike most other online services they offer short-term individual subscriptions for students and researchers.

Academic libraries often subscribe to special interest databases with in-depth coverage, of which there are far too many to list here.
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Finding relevant books

If you are doing in-depth research on a complex or controversial subject, you should obtain relevant books in addition to articles. If the subject is of historical interest, you may have to visit a library to obtain articles that were published prior to 1980, since few online databases contain such old articles.

To find books or periodicals stored as bound volumes, the best place to start is with the catalog of your local public library. If you have searched the catalogs of several local libraries without success, try searching library "union" catalogs. With one search in a union catalog, it is possible to determine what books are available on a subject in an entire county, state, province, or country. The largest union catalog is OCLC WorldCat, which claims to have worldwide coverage, though most of its member libraries are in North America.

Only by citing the best sources in a field can a Wikipedia article be taken seriously by its critics. For more on this issue, see Wikipedia:Verifiability.

If you are creating a brand-new article (see m:Help:Starting a new page), there are a couple of naming conventions that you should follow.
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Writing

Start your article with a concise lead section or introduction defining the topic at hand and mentioning the most important points. The reader should be able to get a good overview by only reading the lead, which should be between one and four paragraphs long, depending on the length of the article. See Wikipedia:Lead section.

Remember that, although you will be familiar with the subject you are writing about, readers of Wikipedia may not be, so it is important to establish the context of your article's subject early on. For instance, if you are writing an article about a sports event you should mention the sport and, if relevant, any national details: rather than

The Red Cup was a domestic league competition that ran between 1994 and 1996

it would be more helpful to write

The Red Cup was a domestic rugby league competition in New Caledonia that ran between 1994 and 1996

again, rather than

Billy Fish is a goalkeeper who joined the club in 2006

say

Billy Fish is a goalkeeper who joined Fulchester United in 2006

Then start the article proper. See our editing help for the format we use to produce links, emphasize text, lists, headlines etc. Make sure to link to other relevant Wikipedia articles. Also, where appropriate, add links in other articles back to your article.

You cannot simply copy-and-paste from one of the external resources mentioned above. See Copyrights for the details.

It's often a good idea to separate the major sections of your articles with section headlines. For many topics, a history section is very appropriate, outlining how thinking about the concept evolved over time.

If different people have different opinions about your topic, characterize that debate from the Neutral point of view.

Try to get your spelling right. Wikipedia does not yet contain a spell checker, but you can write and spell-check your article first in a word processor or text editor (which is a lot more comfortable than the Wikipedia text-box anyway) and then paste it into said text-box. Another option is an extension (such as ieSpell for Internet Explorer or SpellBound for Mozilla and Firefox) that can be installed on your web browser and used as a spell checker in text boxes.

Keep the article in an encyclopaedic style: add etymology or provenance (when available), look for analogies and eventual comparisons to propose. Be objective: avoid personal comments (or turn them into general statements, but only when they coincide), don't use personal forms (I found that...). The Wikipedia Manual of Style can help you with your English. You can post questions about English grammar and usage at the Wikipedia language and grammar desk.

Try to avoid using euphemisms, such as "passed away" for "died", or "made love" for "had sex".

At the end, you should list the references you used and the best available external links about the topic. These references are what will allow Wikipedia to be the most trusted, reliable resource it can be.
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Finishing touches

Finish the article with a good relevant image or graphic. See Graphics tutorials for practical help on drawing diagrams and modifying images. Many copyright-free image sources are listed at our public domain image resources. Please do not link to images on other servers; instead use the upload page.

One way to get a good article is to bounce it back and forth between several Wikipedians. Use the Talk pages to refine the topic, ask for their confirmations, note their doubts: it is usually interesting to discover that, perhaps from the other side of the planet, after a while, some other contributors can check other sources, or propose different interpretations. The composition of a commonly agreed interpretation is the most important ingredient of a serious Wikipedia article.

It may also be useful to look up your subject in one of the foreign-language Wikipedias, such as the German or French editions. While the English-language Wikipedia is the biggest one in terms of the total number of articles it contains, you may find that other Wikipedias sometimes contain more in-depth articles, especially if the subject is of local importance. Even if your foreign language skills are not particularly developed, you may still glean important information from those articles, like birth dates, statistics, bibliographies, or the names of persons that are linked on the page. If you have incorporated the additional information, please also make the appropriate Interwiki links at the end of your article.

Don't neglect the External links and References sections. The most useful and accurate material you've found with your Internet research might make good links for a reader too. And sometimes there is a standard work that is mentioned over and over in connection with your topic. Mention it, with its author and publication date. Even better, obtain a copy and use it to check the material in the article.
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Peer review

You are encouraged to ask for feedback about the quality of an article at any time. Ask your fellow editors for their opinions, list outstanding issues and areas to improve on article talk pages, get other editors involved. Networking to identify like-minded Wikipedians is one of the most important (and enjoyable) aspects of the project. It's best to have a reasonably well-developed article before you do this, so that those giving feedback have something substantial to analyse. Wikipedia:Peer review is the normal route for evaluating articles.
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See also

* Wikipedia:Picture tutorial

Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:56 AM

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Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:56 AM

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Doug05257

09-09-2006, 11:58 AM

Biography on Albert Einstien

Albert Einstien (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955) was a physicist who first proposed the theory of relativity. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect "and other contributions"; however, the announcement of the award was not made until a year later, in 1922. His theoretical work suggested the possibility of creating an atomic bomb. His discovered equation, E=MC2 is well known as one that changed the world.

Einstien was born March 14, 1879 at Ulm in W�berg, Germany. He grew up in Munich and later in Italy, and received his higher education in Switzerland. At age 17 he renounced his German citizenship and later, in 1901, was accepted as a Swiss citizen. He married his first wife, Mileva Maric in 1903. Her role in his early years is subject of much controversy. He obtained his doctorate in 1905. That same year, he wrote four articles that lay the foundation for modern physics.

The first article in this miracle year is remembered as his study of Brownian motion. It established empirical evidence for the reality of atoms. Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists hotly debated the question of whether atoms were real things. Einstien's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms by looking through an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had been converted to a belief in atoms by Einstien's complete explanation of Brownian motion.

The second paper of 1905 proposed the idea of "light quanta" (now called photons) and showed how they could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. Einstien's theory of light quanta received almost no support from other physicists for nearly 20 years. It contradicted the wave theory of light that underlay James Clerk Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic behavior. Even after experiments demonstrated that Einstien's equations for the photoelectric effect were splendidly accurate, his explanation was not accepted. In 1922, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize, and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name, most physicists thought that, while the equation was correct, light quanta were impossible.

1905's third paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a detailed analysis of the concepts of time, distance, mass and energy which omits the force of gravity. Some of the paper's core mathematical ideas had been introduced a year earlier by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, but Einstien showed how to understand these mathematical oddities. His explanation arose from two axioms: one was Galileo's old idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other; and, two, that the speed of light is the same for every observer. Special relativity has several striking consequences because the absolute concepts of time and size are rejected. The theory came to be called "special theory of relativity" to distinguish it from his later theory of general relativity, which considers all observers to be equivalent.

A fourth paper published later that same year showed one further deduction from relativity's axioms. That deduction was the famous equation that rest energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. Einstien considered this equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that matter and energy are profoundly linked. The idea later proved invaluable for understanding how the Big Bang (which was a pure burst of energy) could lead to the precipitation of a universe filled with matter. More immediately, however, the equation set people to dreaming of explosive weaponry, although atomic bombs only became a practical possibility after nuclear physics had developed considerably beyond the few vague speculations of 1905. (Remember that before that year, even the existence of atoms was controversial.)

In November 1915, Einstien presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity. The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton's law of gravity. This theory considers all observers to be equivalent, not only those moving at a uniform speed. In general relativity, gravity is no longer a force (as it was in Newton's law of gravity) but is a consequence of the curvature of space-time. The theory provided the foundation for the study of cosmology and gave scientists the tools for understanding many features of the universe that were not discovered until well after Einstien's death.

Einstien's relationship with quantum physics is quite remarkable. He was the first, even before Max Planck, the discoverer of the quantum, to say that quantum theory was revolutionary. His idea of light quanta showed the revolutionary break with the classical understanding of physics. In 1909, Einstien presented his first paper to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together.

In the early 1920s, Einstien was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin.

However, in the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new quantum mechanics, Einstien balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behavior. Einstien agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for an explantion that would be more "complete," i.e., deterministic. His belief that physics described the laws that govern "real things" had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity. He was unwilling to abandon that faith.

Einstien's famous remark, "Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the Old One. I, at any rate, am convinced that he does not throw dice," appeared in a 1926 letter to Max Born. It was not a rejection of statistical theory. Einstien had used statistical analysis in his work on Brownian motion and photoelectricity. In papers published before the miracle year of 1905 he even discovered Gibbs ensembles on his own. But he did not believe that, at bottom, physical reality behaves randomly.

In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstien settled in Berlin. His pacifism and Jewish origins outraged German nationalists. After he became world-famous (on November 7, 1919, when the London Times reported the success of his gravitational theory) nationalist hatred of him grew even more ferocious.

In 1933, after Adolf Hitler came to power, Einstien settled in the United States and accepted a position at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He became an American citizen in 1940. He spent his last 20 years in an increasingly isolated and ultimately unsuccessful attempt at constructing a theory that would unify General Relativity and quantum mechanics. He died April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey.
- from the free on-line encyclopedia: Wikipedia Note: this Wikipedia article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 11:59 AM

shutup chich

Doug05257

09-09-2006, 12:00 PM

chich?

Mara

09-09-2006, 12:22 PM

It's okay chich.

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 12:24 PM

do you even know what that means mara?

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 12:25 PM

also were you talking to me?

Mara

09-09-2006, 12:26 PM

Abuela. Cuando se usa con los posesivos del castellano se dice chichí

That's what the dictionary brings up for me.

mike98765432

09-09-2006, 12:28 PM

[[[spam]]]

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 12:29 PM

it means fag its an offendment

Mara

09-09-2006, 12:30 PM

Oh, and Urban Dictonary doesn't give me anything conclusive. (bah)

Edit: You beat me to a post! I still can't find out where that is, under that spelling.

!War Hero!

09-09-2006, 12:33 PM

[/QUOTE].Edit: You beat me to a post! I still can't find out where that is, under that spelling.[/QUOTE]

WHAT???